簡略版:ペトロダラー体制の動揺と基軸通貨ドルの信頼性
―イラン戦争・BRICS構想・デジタル通貨覇権の地政学―
2026年5月19日
発行元:中東アジア情報戦略研究所
筆者: 木下顕伸
*The English translation is provided at the end of the Japanese text.
はじめに
2026年5月14日、米国大統領ドナルド・トランプと中国国家主席習近平の米中首脳会談が開催。注目点は、同席した米国企業群――Tesla、Apple、Boeing、Goldman Sachs、Citigroup、BlackRock、Blackstone、Meta、Mastercard、Qualcomm等。
この布陣は、米中対立がもはや「貿易摩擦」ではなく「基軸通貨体制」および「デジタル金融覇権」を巡る戦略的交渉段階に突入したことを示す。
エグゼクティブサマリー
- ペトロダラー体制は歴史的転換点を迎えている
1970年代以降、米国は「原油のドル建て決済」と「米国債への資金還流」によりドル覇権を維持してきた。しかし、イラン戦争、ロシア制裁、BRICS拡大を契機に、各国はドル依存リスクを再認識し、脱ドル化の動きが加速している。 - BRICSと中国は“ペトロユアン”圏の形成を進めている
中国はCIPS、e-CNY(デジタル人民元)、mBridgeなどを通じ、SWIFT依存を回避する新たな決済網を構築。サウジ、ロシア、UAE、ブラジルなどが人民元決済へ移行しつつあり、「ドル→人民元」へのエネルギー決済秩序の変化が進行している。 - 次の覇権争いは“デジタル通貨・AI・サイバー空間”で行われる
現代の基軸通貨体制は、金融だけでなくAI、海底ケーブル、サイバー空間、CBDC(中央銀行デジタル通貨)を含む統合インフラ競争へ拡大。米中対立の本質は「次世代デジタル金融秩序」の主導権争いにある。 - 世界は“金融の三極化”へ移行している
世界金融は①ドル圏(米・日・英)、②BRICS・人民元圏、③ユーロ圏に分裂しつつあり、従来のグローバル統合型秩序から「通貨ブロック化・経済圏化」へ変化している。制裁・通貨・資源が地政学兵器化する時代に突入した。 - 日本には“通貨・金・サイバー”を統合した国家戦略が必要
日本は米国債依存やドル偏重からの脱却を迫られている。デジタル円、円建て資源決済、金準備強化、能動的サイバー防御、AI・半導体主権確保を一体化した「地経学戦略」が不可欠であると本レポートは提言している。
キーワード
- ペトロダラー体制
原油ドル決済と米国債還流を軸としたドル覇権構造。 - BRICS通貨構想
ドル依存を回避するための新興国主導の決済・通貨連携。 - デジタル人民元(e-CNY)
中国が推進するCBDC。制裁回避と国際金融覇権の中核。 - ブレトンウッズⅢ
金・資源・デジタル通貨を基盤とする新たな国際通貨秩序概念。 - 金融冷戦
ドル圏と中国主導圏が、CBDC・AI・サイバー空間で競争する構図。
第1章 ペトロダラー体制とは何か
- Nixon Shock(1971):金とドルの交換停止によりブレトンウッズ体制崩壊。
- 米国はサウジを中心に原油取引をドル建てとする体制を構築し、ドルの信認を延命。
“The recycling of petrodollars became central to the stability of the dollar system.”— David E. Spiro, The Hidden Hand of American Hegemony (1999)
循環構造
- 世界:石油購入のためドル保有
- 湾岸諸国:余剰ドルを米国債再投資
- 米国:赤字でもドル発行可能
- 米軍:世界展開維持
第2章 イランをめぐる軍事・外交情勢と経済制裁の限界
- 2026年2月28日:米・イスラエル「Operation Epic Fury」開始。
- イラン反撃、ホルムズ海峡封鎖宣言、4月停戦。核含む再交渉進行中。
制裁の効果と限界
“Sanctions rarely compel immediate surrender; instead they reshape global networks.”
— Nicholas Mulder, The Economic Weapon (2022)
制裁は経済打撃を与えたが政権転覆には至らず。
非ドル決済・暗号資産・第三国貿易網が拡大し、制裁回避能力が進化。
第3章 ドル覇権を支えた戦後秩序
“Industrial and financial capacity ultimately determine great power status.”
— Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (1987)
戦後、米国主導でドル体制確立、日本は輸出型経済を発展。のちに生産移管(韓国・台湾→中国)。
1.アジア通貨危機と日本のアジア通貨構想
1997年アジア通貨危機でドル依存の危険が顕在化。
“The East Asian crisis exposed the dangers of premature financial liberalization under global dollar dependency.”
— Joseph E. Stiglitz (2002)
危機教訓
- ドル安でインフレ、金利政策制約、投機攻撃リスク。
2.中国の事実上のドルペッグ
為替安定・資本流出防止・政府介入・元国際化のためドルと連動。
3.日本のAMF構想と米国の反発
“Monetary regionalism in Asia was viewed in Washington as a strategic challenge to dollar supremacy.”
— Benjamin J. Cohen, The Future of Money (2004)
- 日本のAMF構想:IMFを介さぬアジア救済機構→米国が反対で頓挫。
- チェンマイ・イニシアティブ(2000):域内スワップの前進。
4. 現代的帰結:人民元ペッグの戦略意味
中国は金融トリレンマ活用・制裁防壁構築・ドル内部からの覇権奪取を進行中。
→BRICS通貨構想・脱ドル化・デジタル人民元(e-CNY)の布石。
第4章 BRICS通貨構想と金本位制回帰
“The freezing of sovereign reserves shattered confidence in the neutrality of the dollar system.”— Jacques Sapir, Russian Economic Resilience (2023)
- ロシア資産凍結で各国がドル中立性を疑問視。
- BRICSはCIPS・金連動通貨で対抗。
1.ドル体制 vs 中国構想 比較
| 項目 | SWIFT/CHIPS | CIPS/e-CNY |
|---|---|---|
| 主導権 | 米国 | 中国 |
| 中継通貨 | ドル経由 | 元直接 |
| 決済速度 | 数日 | 即時 |
| 取引監視 | 米国監督可能 | 中国監督 |
2.課題:人民元は外貨準備比率2%。資本規制が障壁。
米国ペトロダラーから中国ペトロユアンへ
- ロシア:貿易決済の9割が元建て。
- サウジ:原油人民元決済開始。MBRIDGEに正式参加。
- ブラジル・UAEなども元決済へ。
3.米国が恐れる連鎖
ドル還流停止 → 財政危機 → 覇権崩壊。
4.日本と欧州の影響
- 日本円:国際通貨地位低下、エネルギー安全保障変化。
- ユーロ:香港・中国との部分協調、INSTEX等で制裁回避実験。
デジタルユーロ開発を急ぐ。
5.世界金融の三極構造(2026)
- ドル圏(米・日・英)
- 元/新興国圏(BRICS+)
- ユーロ圏
→「通貨地域主義」から「経済ブロック化」へ。
6.日本の防衛策
- デジタル円(CBDC)実験
- ASEAN QR相互接続(JPQR)
- チェンマイ・イニシアティブ強化(円スワップ)
7.BRICSの新構想
- BRICS PAY共同プラットフォーム構築。
- DLT・ブロックチェーンでSWIFT不使用決済。
- 金・原油・レアメタル裏付け通貨を検討。
第5章 人民元・デジタル通貨・AI覇権
“We are witnessing the birth of Bretton Woods III, centered on commodities and strategic resources.”
— Zoltan Pozsar, Credit Suisse Report (2022)
中国のe-CNYは制裁回避・一帯一路統合を目的とする国家戦略。各国は「監視リスク」で警戒。
1.主要懸念
- 取引の完全可視化・資産の遠隔凍結・主権喪失。
→ mBridgeによる共同管理で警戒緩和を模索。 - (mBridge) 国境を越えたデジタル通貨プラットフォーム
国際決済銀行(BIS)などが主導する、複数の中央銀行デジタル通貨(CBDC)を相互接続するためのプラットフォーム。ブロックチェーン技術を活用し、従来よりも安く、即時的な国際送金や外国為替取引を実現することを目指す。
2.ブレトンウッズ体制の変遷
Ⅰ(1944-1971) 金ドル固定
Ⅱ(1971-2022) ペトロダラー+米国債支え
Ⅲ(2022-) コモディティ主導通貨秩序へ
G7の対抗原則
「法の支配」「プライバシー」「市場の自由」を柱とするCBDC基準。
欧州はデジタルユーロ+GDPRで匿名性確保。
日本は「DFFT(信頼ある自由なデータ流通)」を展開。
3.世界の「金融冷戦」構図
| 評価軸 | 中国モデル | 日米欧モデル |
|---|---|---|
| 思想 | 国家統制 | 個人自由・法治 |
| 所有者 | 中央集権 | 暗号分散管理 |
| 対象エリア | 一帯一路圏 | 民主主義圏 |
4.米国の次の手段
- 公的CBDCには慎重:監視懸念強し。
- 民間ステーブルコインを戦略利用:
- グローバルな「草の根ドル化」
- 米国債需要を下支え
5.中国の誤算:新興国はe-CNYよりUSDC/USDTを選好。
・ビットコイン=制裁回避
・デジタル・ゴールド化や=金本位制デジタル通貨
第6章 SWIFT体制の動揺とサイバー戦争
“Cyberwar is not separate from economic warfare; it is its extension.”
— Martin Libicki, RAND Corporation
基軸通貨体制=SWIFT+海底ケーブル+AI+サイバー空間の複合支配網。
1.3つの戦略軸
- ドル体制の延命とインフラ防衛
- 海底ケーブル95%支配
- 中露北の非対称サイバー戦
- AI・デジタル通貨覇権の棲み分け交渉
- AIとCBDCの軍事化回避ルール策定。
- イラン戦後秩序とブレトンウッズⅢ前線
- ペトロユアン拡大阻止
- 原油決済圏の再配分交渉。
2.日本の戦略的位置
- 能動的サイバー防御の法制化
- クアッドによる海底ケーブル防衛
- デジタル円によるASEAN保護
3.民間企業への要請
- ゼロトラスト型サプライチェーン点検
- AI不正検知+多要素認証
- インシデント訓練とGDPR準拠
- 中国拠点を本社システムから隔離
4.法制度の進展
- サイバー対処能力強化法(2026年10月施行)
- セキュリティ・クリアランス制度導入
5.民間企業の3ステップ行動計画
- 重要資産の棚卸しと分離
- 政府連携体制(ログ監視)の構築
- 人的クリアランス(適性評価)準備
セキュリティは「参入条件」=国家安全保障への参加資格。
第7章 日本の戦略的課題
米国債依存型から脱却し、多極化時代の総合国家戦略へ。
5つの中核領域
- 通貨・信用基盤再定義:金保有・デジタル円ハイブリッド化。
- 脱ドル依存のエネルギー調達:円建て資源決済。
- AI・半導体主権確保:国内製造・地方分散。
- 能動的サイバー防御と対等な日米同盟。
- 金準備・技術・防衛を統合する地経学戦略。
補筆 金準備と戦後金融支配構造
“Even in a fiat currency world, gold retains symbolic and strategic importance.”
— Barry Eichengreen, Globalizing Capital (Princeton, 1996)
1.ドイツ金準備返還(2013–2017)
- 冷戦期依存の脱却
- 「信用→現物」への信認転換
- 主権回収と国家の実物防衛
2.デジタル・AI時代に金が重要な理由
- カウンターパーティリスクゼロ
- 偽造不能な希少性
- デジタル通貨裏付け資産としての信頼
3.日本の金戦略
- 金保有増・国内保管(NY預託縮小)
- ゴールドバック・デジタル円構想
- 846トン保有(約1,250億ドル)—所在の透明化が課題。(米国連銀)
4.返還要求の戦略意義
- リスク排除・現物監査
- 資産凍結回避
- 独立した信用基盤の確立
5.歴史的トラウマとプランB
1970年代、金買い増しを米財務省が封殺。以降、返還要求は「禁じ手」に。
6.現実的防衛策
- 新規金購入は国内保管
- 金担保デジタル通貨実験を推進
結論
ペトロダラー体制=軍事・金融・エネルギー・情報・デジタル技術の統合覇権構造。
しかし、イラン戦争・ロシア制裁・BRICS拡大・AI金融革命・サイバー戦の連鎖で構造的転換点を迎えた。米中交渉の本質は「次の基軸通貨体制を誰が支配するのか」という21世紀最大の覇権交渉である。
参考文献
- David E. Spiro (1999), The Hidden Hand of American Hegemony, Cornell Univ. Press.
- Paul Kennedy (1987), The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers.
- Nicholas Mulder (2022), The Economic Weapon, Yale Univ. Press.
- Martin Libicki, Cyberdeterrence and Cyberwar, RAND.
- Zoltan Pozsar (2022), Bretton Woods III, Credit Suisse Report.
- Jacques Sapir (2023), Russian Economic Resilience.
- Barry Eichengreen (1996), Globalizing Capital, Princeton Univ. Press.
- Joseph E. Stiglitz (2002), Globalization and Its Discontents.
- Benjamin J. Cohen (2004), The Future of Money.
10–16. 各種学術・報道・機関資料(Bundesbank, CNBC, Bloomberg, Wikipedia, 日本危機管理研究所資料 等)。
Instability of the Petrodollar System and the Credibility of the U.S. Dollar as the Global Reserve Currency
Abridged Edition
— Geopolitics of the Iran War, the BRICS Initiative, and Digital Currency Hegemony —
May 18, 2026
Published by: Middle East Asia Strategic Intelligence Institute
Author: Akinobu Kinoshita
Introduction
On May 14, 2026, a U.S.–China summit meeting was held between U.S. President Donald Trump and Chinese President Xi Jinping. Particular attention was drawn to the prominent U.S. corporations accompanying the meeting, including Tesla, Apple, Boeing, Goldman Sachs, Citigroup, BlackRock, Blackstone, Meta, Mastercard, and Qualcomm.
This lineup symbolized that U.S.–China rivalry has moved beyond a mere “trade dispute” and entered a strategic negotiation phase centered on the global reserve currency system and digital financial hegemony.
Executive Summary
1. The Petrodollar System Has Reached a Historic Turning Point
Since the 1970s, the United States has maintained dollar hegemony through the “dollar-denominated oil trade” and the recycling of surplus dollars into U.S. Treasury securities. However, the Iran War, sanctions on Russia, and the expansion of BRICS have led nations worldwide to reassess the risks of dollar dependence, accelerating global de-dollarization trends.
2. BRICS and China Are Advancing a “Petroyuan” Sphere
China is constructing alternative settlement networks designed to bypass SWIFT dependence through systems such as CIPS, e-CNY (digital yuan), and mBridge. Saudi Arabia, Russia, the UAE, Brazil, and others are increasingly shifting toward yuan-based trade settlements, signaling an ongoing transformation from a “dollar-centered” to a “yuan-centered” energy settlement order.
3. The Next Hegemonic Struggle Will Be Fought Through Digital Currency, AI, and Cyberspace
The modern reserve currency system now extends beyond finance into integrated competition over AI, submarine cables, cyberspace, and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). The essence of U.S.–China rivalry lies in the struggle to dominate the next-generation digital financial order.
4. The World Is Transitioning Toward a “Tripolar Financial Structure”
Global finance is gradually splitting into:
- The Dollar Bloc (U.S., Japan, UK)
- The BRICS/Yuan Bloc
- The Euro Bloc
The world is shifting from a globally integrated economic order toward currency regionalism and economic bloc formation. Sanctions, currencies, and resources are increasingly becoming geopolitical weapons.
5. Japan Needs an Integrated National Strategy Combining Currency, Gold, and Cybersecurity
Japan is being compelled to reduce its dependence on U.S. Treasuries and excessive reliance on the dollar. This report argues that Japan requires a comprehensive geoeconomic strategy integrating a digital yen, yen-denominated resource settlements, expanded gold reserves, active cyber defense, and AI/semiconductor sovereignty.
Keywords
1. Petrodollar System
A structure of dollar hegemony centered on dollar-denominated oil transactions and the recycling of petrodollars into U.S. Treasury securities.
2. BRICS Currency Initiative
A BRICS-led framework for alternative settlement and monetary cooperation aimed at reducing dependence on the U.S. dollar.
3. Digital Yuan (e-CNY)
China’s central bank digital currency (CBDC), positioned as a core instrument for sanctions evasion and financial influence.
4. Bretton Woods III
A proposed new international monetary order based on commodities, strategic resources, and digital currencies.
5. Financial Cold War
A geopolitical confrontation in which the dollar bloc and the China-led bloc compete through CBDCs, AI, and cyberspace.
Chapter 1: What Is the Petrodollar System?
- Nixon Shock (1971): The suspension of gold-dollar convertibility led to the collapse of the Bretton Woods system.
- The United States subsequently established a dollar-based oil trading system centered on Saudi Arabia, thereby extending global confidence in the dollar.
“The recycling of petrodollars became central to the stability of the dollar system.”
— David E. Spiro, The Hidden Hand of American Hegemony (1999)
The Circulation Structure
- The world holds dollars to purchase oil
- Gulf states reinvest surplus dollars into U.S. Treasuries
- The U.S. can continue issuing dollars despite deficits
- The U.S. military maintains global deployment capabilities
Chapter 2: The Iran Conflict and the Limits of Economic Sanctions
- February 28, 2026: The U.S. and Israel launched “Operation Epic Fury.”
- Iran retaliated and declared a blockade of the Strait of Hormuz. A ceasefire was reached in April, while renegotiations involving nuclear issues continued.
The Effectiveness and Limits of Sanctions
“Sanctions rarely compel immediate surrender; instead, they reshape global networks.”
— Nicholas Mulder, The Economic Weapon (2022)
While sanctions inflicted severe economic damage, they failed to achieve regime change. Meanwhile, non-dollar settlements, cryptocurrency usage, and third-country trade networks expanded, strengthening sanctions evasion capabilities.
Chapter 3: The Postwar Order Supporting Dollar Hegemony
“Industrial and financial capacity ultimately determine great power status.”
— Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (1987)
After World War II, the United States established the dollar-centered system while Japan developed as an export-driven economy. Production networks later shifted from Japan to Korea and Taiwan, and eventually to China.
1. The Asian Financial Crisis and Japan’s Asian Monetary Vision
The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis exposed the dangers of dollar dependence.
“The East Asian crisis exposed the dangers of premature financial liberalization under global dollar dependency.”
— Joseph E. Stiglitz (2002)
Lessons from the Crisis
- Inflation caused by dollar depreciation
- Constraints on monetary policy
- Vulnerability to speculative attacks
2. China’s De Facto Dollar Peg
China has linked the yuan to the dollar to stabilize exchange rates, prevent capital outflows, maintain government control, and promote yuan internationalization.
3. Japan’s AMF Proposal and U.S. Opposition
“Monetary regionalism in Asia was viewed in Washington as a strategic challenge to dollar supremacy.”
— Benjamin J. Cohen, The Future of Money (2004)
- Japan proposed an Asian Monetary Fund (AMF) independent of the IMF, but U.S. opposition caused the plan to collapse.
- The Chiang Mai Initiative (2000) advanced regional currency swap mechanisms.
4. Strategic Implications of the Yuan Peg
China is utilizing the “financial trilemma” to build sanctions resilience and challenge dollar dominance from within the system itself. This forms the foundation for BRICS currency initiatives, de-dollarization, and the digital yuan.
Chapter 4: The BRICS Currency Initiative and the Return of Gold
“The freezing of sovereign reserves shattered confidence in the neutrality of the dollar system.”
— Jacques Sapir, Russian Economic Resilience (2023)
- The freezing of Russian assets raised doubts about the neutrality of the dollar system.
- BRICS nations are responding with CIPS and commodity-linked currency concepts.
1. Comparison: Dollar System vs. China’s Framework
| Category | SWIFT / CHIPS | CIPS / e-CNY |
|---|---|---|
| Leadership | United States | China |
| Settlement Currency | Via U.S. Dollar | Direct Yuan Settlement |
| Speed | Several Days | Instant |
| Transaction Monitoring | U.S.-Supervised | China-Supervised |
2. Challenges
The yuan accounts for only around 2% of global foreign exchange reserves, while capital controls remain a major obstacle.
From Petrodollar to Petroyuan
- Russia: roughly 90% of trade settlements now in yuan
- Saudi Arabia: began yuan-denominated oil settlements and formally joined mBridge
- Brazil and the UAE are also expanding yuan settlements
3. The Chain Reaction Feared by the United States
End of dollar recycling → Fiscal crisis → Collapse of hegemony
4. Impacts on Japan and Europe
- Japanese yen: declining international currency status and changing energy security dynamics
- Euro: partial cooperation with Hong Kong and China, experimentation with sanctions-avoidance systems such as INSTEX, and accelerated development of a digital euro
5. The Tripolar Financial Structure (2026)
- Dollar Bloc (U.S., Japan, UK)
- Yuan/Emerging Markets Bloc (BRICS+)
- Euro Bloc
The global system is shifting from “currency regionalism” toward “economic bloc formation.”
Chapter 5: Yuan, Digital Currency, and AI Hegemony
“We are witnessing the birth of Bretton Woods III, centered on commodities and strategic resources.”
— Zoltan Pozsar, Credit Suisse Report (2022)
China’s e-CNY is a national strategy aimed at sanctions resilience and Belt and Road integration. However, many nations remain concerned about surveillance risks.
Major Concerns
- Complete transaction visibility
- Remote freezing of assets
- Loss of sovereignty
mBridge is being promoted as a jointly managed framework to reduce these concerns.
What Is mBridge?
A cross-border digital currency platform led by the BIS and multiple central banks, designed to interconnect CBDCs using blockchain technology for faster and cheaper international settlements.
Evolution of the Bretton Woods System
- Bretton Woods I (1944–1971): Gold-dollar standard
- Bretton Woods II (1971–2022): Petrodollar + U.S. Treasury system
- Bretton Woods III (2022– ): Commodity-driven monetary order
G7 Counter-Principles
The G7 promotes CBDC standards based on:
- Rule of law
- Privacy
- Market freedom
Europe emphasizes anonymity through the digital euro and GDPR, while Japan advocates “DFFT” (Data Free Flow with Trust).
Chapter 6: The Weakening of SWIFT and Cyber Warfare
“Cyberwar is not separate from economic warfare; it is its extension.”
— Martin Libicki, RAND Corporation
The reserve currency system has become a complex network integrating SWIFT, submarine cables, AI, and cyberspace.
Three Strategic Fronts
1. Extending Dollar Dominance and Defending Infrastructure
- Control of 95% of submarine cables
- Asymmetric cyber warfare from China, Russia, and North Korea
2. Negotiating Digital Currency and AI Spheres of Influence
- Establishing rules to prevent the militarization of AI and CBDCs
3. Post-Iran War Order and the Bretton Woods III Frontline
- Preventing expansion of the petroyuan
- Negotiating redistribution of global oil settlement zones
Japan’s Strategic Position
- Legalization of active cyber defense
- Submarine cable defense through the Quad
- ASEAN protection via a digital yen
Chapter 7: Japan’s Strategic Challenges
Japan must transition away from a U.S. Treasury-dependent model toward a comprehensive national strategy for a multipolar era.
Five Core Strategic Areas
- Redefining currency and credit foundations through gold reserves and a hybrid digital yen
- Reducing dollar dependence in energy procurement through yen-denominated resource settlements
- Securing AI and semiconductor sovereignty through domestic production and regional decentralization
- Building active cyber defense and a more equal U.S.–Japan alliance
- Developing a geoeconomic strategy integrating gold reserves, technology, and defense
Supplement: Gold Reserves and the Postwar Financial Order
“Even in a fiat currency world, gold retains symbolic and strategic importance.”
— Barry Eichengreen, Globalizing Capital (1996)
Germany’s Gold Repatriation (2013–2017)
- Reducing Cold War-era dependence
- Transition from trust-based finance to physical asset credibility
- Recovery of sovereignty and physical national defense
Why Gold Matters in the Digital and AI Era
- Zero counterparty risk
- Unforgeable scarcity
- Trusted collateral for digital currencies
Japan’s Gold Strategy
- Expanding domestic gold reserves and reducing storage reliance on New York
- Exploring a gold-backed digital yen
- Holding approximately 846 tons of gold (around $125 billion), though transparency regarding storage locations remains an issue
Conclusion
The petrodollar system represents an integrated hegemonic structure combining military power, finance, energy, information, and digital technology.
However, the Iran War, sanctions on Russia, BRICS expansion, the AI-driven financial revolution, and cyber warfare have brought this system to a structural turning point. The true nature of U.S.–China negotiations is the greatest hegemonic struggle of the 21st century: determining who will control the next global reserve currency system.
References
- David E. Spiro (1999), The Hidden Hand of American Hegemony, Cornell University Press.
- Paul Kennedy (1987), The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers.
- Nicholas Mulder (2022), The Economic Weapon, Yale University Press.
- Martin Libicki, Cyberdeterrence and Cyberwar, RAND Corporation.
- Zoltan Pozsar (2022), Bretton Woods III, Credit Suisse Report.
- Jacques Sapir (2023), Russian Economic Resilience.
- Barry Eichengreen (1996), Globalizing Capital, Princeton University Press.
- Joseph E. Stiglitz (2002), Globalization and Its Discontents.
- Benjamin J. Cohen (2004), The Future of Money.
10–16. Various academic, media, and institutional sources (Bundesbank, CNBC, Bloomberg, Wikipedia, Japan Crisis Management Institute materials, etc.).
・木下 顕伸(Akinobu Kinoshita)
中東アジア情報戦略研究所 所長
中東・アジア地域の政治・安全保障・情報戦略を専門とする独立系アナリスト。 30年以上の現地ネットワークと政府レベルの実務経験を基盤に、 2025年、中東アジア情報戦略研究所を設立。 著書『ISISと戦う』(愛育社、2016年)。
An independent analyst specializing in political affairs, security, and information strategy across the Middle East and Asia. Drawing on over 30 years of field networks and hands-on experience at the government level, he founded the Middle East Asia Information Strategy Institute in 2025. Author of ISIS to Tatakau (Aiikusha, 2016).
